Security
In the Fluence network, an application consists of one or more services composed with Aquamarine. Services expose actions in the form of functions, and these actions may require authorization. In this section, we present the concept of Security Tetraplets: Verifiable origins of the function arguments in form of (peer_id, service_id, function_name, data_getter) tetraplets. This concept enables the secure composition of function calls with AIR scripts.
Decouple the Authorization Service
Aquamarine, as a composability medium, needs to take care of many aspects of security to enable composing services of different vendors in a safe way. Let's consider the example of authorization service – a service that verifies permission:
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// Pseudocode of a service interface
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service Auth:
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// Works only for the service creator
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def grant_permission(to_peer: PeerId)
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def check_permission(): bool
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The service contains all the data necessary to check that permission was granted to a given peer. That is, we have authentication and authorization logic.
Consider a simple Blog service with an authorization argument for writes, i.e. adding posts.
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service Blog:
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def add_post(text: string, is_permitted: bool)
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def list_posts(): Post[]
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By decoupling the storage of posts from the user and permissions model, we add a lot of flexibility to our Blog service. Not only can we use it for, say,both personal and corporate blogs but also as a building block for more complex social interactions. Just remember, the blog service itself doesn't care about security guards, it just stores posts, that's all.
Let's write an AIR script that checks permissions and adds a new post where authNode is the peer running the auth service, authSrvId and blogNde is the peer hosting the blog service:
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;; Script is slightly simplified for better readability
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;; Setting data is omitted
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(seq
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(call authNode (authSrvId "check_permission") [] token)
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(call blogNode (blogSrvId "add_post") [text token])
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)
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This is what we want to have but now let's see if we can poke holes in our security.
First Try: Person in the Middle (PITM/MITM) Attack
In case check_permission() returns false, a PITM attacker intercepts the outgoing network package, takes the function output and attempts tp replace false with true. This attempt fails, however, as in Aquamarine every peer's ID is derived from its public key and every response is signed with the corresponding private key:
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let resp_signature = sign(particle.signature, srvId, fnName, argsHash, responseHash)
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Since only the private key holders can verifiably sign the output of a function call. Hence, attackers' attempts to change a function output or replay the output of a function call from another particle leads to particle rejection on blogNode.
Second Try: Using The Wrong Service
Consider the following script where we set the token to true so that add_post may assume that permission was actually given.
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(seq
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(call %init_peer_id% ("" "get_true") [] token)
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(call blogNode (blogSrvId "add_post") [text token])
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)
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How could we overcome this potential breach? On blog service host, blogNode, the entire AIR script execution flow is verified. That is, the Aquamarine interpreter visits each instruction and checks whether the particle's data has the result of the execution of this instruction and, if it does, checks that it was done by the expected peer, service, function and with the expected arguments. This is verified by the argsHash signed within resp_signature. So when the token is set to a value inside the Aquamarine interpreter, we know the origin of this data: a triplet of peerId, serviceId, functionName.
In our case, the data triplet is %init_peer_id%, "", "get_true" but we expect authNode, authSrvId, "check_permission" with some known constants for authNode, authSrvId as we know where we deployed the service. As the add_post function checks this triplet along with the token argument, and will reject the particle. Hence, we failed to trick the system by fakking the argument's origin as only the Auth service is considered a valid source of truth for authorization tokens.
Our attack got thwarted again but we have a few more tricks up our sleeves.
Third Try: Using The Wrong Piece Of Data
Let's make a more sophisticated AuthStatus service that provides more data associated with the current peer id:
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struct Status:
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is_admin: bool
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is_misbehaving: bool
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service AuthStatus:
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def get_status(): Status
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If this peer misbehaves, we set a special flag as follows:
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;; Script is slightly simplified for better readability
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;; Setting data is omitted
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(seq
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(call authNode (authSrvId "get_status") [] status)
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(call blogNode (blogSrvId "add_post") [text status.$.is_admin])
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)
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So we pass an is_admin flag to the blogNode, as we now have a permissioned blog and all is well. Maybe.
The problem is that we can also pass the is_misbehaving flag to fake admin permissions and add a post. Consider other possible scenarios, where, for example, you could have a role in the status, as well as a nickname, and you need to distinguish the two, even though both are strings.
Recall that the origin of the result is stated with three values peerId, serviceId, functionName, while the origin of the argument is extended with one more attribute: the data getter. This forms a structure of four fields – the tetraplet:
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struct SecurityTetraplet:
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peer_id: string
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service_id: string
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fn_name: string
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getter: string
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The Aquamarine interpreter provides this tetraplet along with each argument during the function call, which are checked by the service if deemed necessary. In fact, tetraplets are present for every argument as a vector of vectors of tetraplets:
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pub tetraplets: Vec<Vec<SecurityTetraplet>>
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which is possible due to the use of accumulators in AIR and produced with the fold instruction. Usually, you don't need to care about them, and only the first, i.e. origin, tetraplet is set.
Limitations Of The Authentication Approach
This strategy positions that only arguments should affect function behavior by decoupling the service from the AIR script and its input data. That is, the (public) service API is safe only by relying on exogenous permissions checking ascertaining that the security invariants have no access to the AIR script or input data.
Only Arguments Affect The Function Execution
This API cannot be used safely:
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service WrongAuth:
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def get_status_or_fail() // does not return if not authorized
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as WrongAuth service cannot be used to provide the expected checks:
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(seq
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(call authNode (authSrv "get_status_or_fail") []) ;; no return
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(call blogNode (blogSrv "add_post") [text]) ;; no data
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)
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In the above script, if get_status_or_fail fails, add_post never executes. But nothing prevents a user from calling add_post directly, so this design cannot be considered secure. That's why there must be an output from a security service to be provided as an argument later.
Only Direct Dependencies Are Taken Into Account
Consider the modified WrongAuth, which takes the peer id as an argument:
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service WrongAuth:
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def get_status(peer_id) // Status of the given peer
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In this case, a tetraplet can easily be verified that the input arguments are not compromised. However, what data is it? As arguments of get_status function are not a part of a tetraplet, we can't check that the right peer_id was provided to the function. So from a design perspective, it is preferable for get_status to not have arguments, so that input cannot be altered.
What if we want to make the system secure in terms of tracking the data origin by taking the arguments into account? In this case, the verifier function add_post needs to know not only the name of the provider but also its structure, i.e., what inputs it has and, even worse, what the constraints of these inputs are and how to verify them. Since we cannot perform garbage collection easily, we need to express the model of the program, i..e., auth service and AIR script, on the verifier side.
This makes decomposition a pain: why decouple services if we need them to know so much about each other? That's why function calls in Aquamarine depend on the direct inputs, and direct inputs only.
References
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Contents
Decouple the Authorization Service
First Try: Person in the Middle (PITM/MITM) Attack
Second Try: Using The Wrong Service
Third Try: Using The Wrong Piece Of Data
Limitations Of The Authentication Approach
Only Arguments Affect The Function Execution
Only Direct Dependencies Are Taken Into Account